How to Cite

Citing datasets used in published research is just as important as citing peer-reviewed articles, books, edited volumes, and other materials that contribute to the research endeavor. Data citation makes it easier to replicate findings, provides credit to the research teams that produced the data, and allows the impact of data to be tracked.

By citing your use of THEA, you are supporting the reproducibility of your research and attributing credit not only to THEA but to a broader network of collaborators who have donated their time, expertise, and data to the archive.

For additional guidance on how to cite datasets, see:

ICPSR: Citing data

ESRC: Data citation: what you need to know

Citing Lower Chamber or Upper Chamber Data

APA (7th edition)
Kollman, K., Hicken, A., Caramani, D., Backer, D., & Lublin, D. (2024). Constituency-Level Elections Archive [Data set and codebook]. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor]. Retrieved from http://www.electiondataarchive.org.

MLA (9th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. Constituency-Level Elections Archive. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor], 2024. Web. 19 April.

Chicago (17th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2024. Constituency-Level Elections Archive. Produced and distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan, http://www.electiondataarchive.org.

Citing the European Union Parliamentary Elections Archive

APA (7th edition)
Kollman, K., Hicken, A., Caramani, D., Backer, D., & Lublin, D. (2020). Constituency-Level Elections Archive: European Union Parliamentary Elections. [Data set and codebook]. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor]. Retrieved from http://www.electiondataarchive.org.

MLA (9th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. Constituency-Level Elections Archive: European Union Parliamentary Elections. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor], 2020. Web. 16 December 2020. <http://www.electiondataarchive.org>

Chicago (17th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2020. Constituency-Level Elections Archive: European Union Parliamentary Elections. Produced and distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan, http://www.electiondataarchive.org.

Citing the Maps

For citation of the entire GRED database, the following formats are recommended:

APA (7th edition)
Kollman, K., Hicken, A., Caramani, D., Backer, D., Lublin, D., Selway, J., and Vasselai, F. (2019). GeoReferenced Electoral Districts Datasets [Data set and codebook]. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor]. Retrieved from http://www.electiondataarchive.org.

MLA (9th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, Joel Selway, David Lublin and Fabricio Vasselai. GeoReferenced Electoral Districts Datasets. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor], 2019. Web. 15 February 2019.

Chicago (17th Edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, Joel Selway, and Fabricio Vasselai. 2019. GeoReferenced Electoral Districts Datasets. Produced and distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan.

Citing Party Nationalization Measures

APA (7th edition)
Kollman, K., Hicken, A., Caramani, D., Backer, D., Lublin, D., & Kim, W. (2024). Constituency-Level Elections Archive: Party Nationalization Dataset. [Data set and codebook]. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor]. Retrieved from http://www.electiondataarchive.org.

MLA (9th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, and Wooseok Kim. Constituency-Level Elections Archive: Party Nationalization Dataset. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor], 2024. Web. 19 April.

Chicago (17th edition)
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, and Wooseok Kim. 2024. Constituency-Level Elections Archive: Party Nationalization Dataset. Produced and distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan, http://www.electiondataarchive.org.