How to Cite

Citing datasets used in published research is just as important as citing peer-reviewed articles, books, edited volumes, and other materials that contribute to the research endeavor. Data citation makes it easier to replicate findings, provides credit to the research teams that produced the data, and allows the impact of data to be tracked.

By citing your use of THEA, you are supporting the reproducibility of your research and attributing credit not only to THEA but to a broader network of collaborators who have donated their time, expertise, and data to the archive.

For additional guidance on how to cite datasets, see:

ICPSR: Citing data

Citing Lower Chamber Data

Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2025. The Elections Archive: Constituency-Level Elections Archive (Lower Chamber) [dataset and documentation]. Version 20251015.

Citing Upper Chamber Data

Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2026. The Elections Archive: Constituency-Level Elections Archive (Upper Chamber) [dataset and documentation]. Version 20260908.

Citing the European Union Parliamentary Elections Archive

Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2023. The Elections Archive: Constituency-Level Elections Archive (European Union Parliamentary Elections) [dataset and documentation]. Version 20231115.

Citing GRED

Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, Joel Selway, David Lublin and Fabricio Vasselai. 2019. The Elections Archive: GeoReferenced Electoral Districts Datasets [dataset and documentation]. Version 20190215.

Citing Lower Chamber Party Nationalization Measures

Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, and Wooseok Kim. 2025. The Elections Archive: Constituency-Level Elections Archive (Lower Chamber Party Nationalization Dataset) [dataset and documentation]. Version 20251015.

Citing Upper Chamber Party Nationalization Measures

Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, David Lublin, and Wooseok Kim. 2026. The Elections Archive: Constituency-Level Elections Archive (Upper Chamber Party Nationalization Dataset) [dataset and documentation]. Version 20260908.