Bibliography

The THEA/CLEA bibliography cites working papers, publications, and presentations known to use Daniele Caramani’s Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies or public releases of CLEA and THEA.

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Publication Listing (274 listings)

A

Adams, Melinda J., John A. Scherpereel, and Kristin N. Wylie. 2019. “The Adoption of Women’s Legislative Caucuses Worldwide.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 21(2): 249–70.

Agnolin, Paolo, Matteo Anelli, Italo Colantone, and Paolo Stanig. 2024. “Robots Replacing Trade Unions: Novel Data and Evidence from Western Europe.”

Altman, Matthew B., Michael S. Fish, Anna Glynn, Amanda Hicken, Christoffer H. Knutsen, Marc Kroenig, et al. 2014. Version 2. September 2014.

Amat, Francesc, Carles Boix, Jordi Muñoz, and Toni Rodon. 2020. “From Political Mobilization to Electoral Participation: Turnout in Barcelona in the 1930s.” The Journal of Politics 82(4): 1559–75.

Anagol, Santosh, and Thomas Fujiwara. 2014. “The Runner-Up Effect.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 20261.

Anagol, Santosh, and Thomas Fujiwara. 2016. “The Runner-Up Effect.” Journal of Political Economy 124(4): 927–991.

Anaxagorou, Christina. 2017. “Public Finance, Foreign Aid and Political Incentives.” PhD diss. University of Sheffield.

Anelli, Massimo, Italo Colantone, and Piero Stanig. 2019. We Were the Robots: Automation and Voting Behavior in Western Europe (No. 17/19). CReAM Discussion Paper Series.

Ansell, Ben, and Jane Gingrich. 2022. “Policy and Politics in Disjuncture in an Age of Secular Stagnation.” In Contested Representation: Challenges, Shortcomings and Reforms, 187.

Arzheimer, Kai, and Jocelyn Evans. 2010. “Bread and Butter à la Française: Multiparty Forecasts of the French Legislative Vote (1981–2007).” International Journal of Forecasting 26(1): 19–31.

Ashton, Joseph. 2013. “Do Moderates Do Better in Marginals under First Past the Post in Canada?” University College London.

B

Baccini, Leonardo, and Thomas Sattler. 2023. “Austerity, Economic Vulnerability, and Populism.” American Journal of Political Science.

Bailey, James. 2024. A Solution to the Seat-Product Problem: The Square Root Rule of Elections.

Baker, Scott R., Ahmed Baksy, Nick Bloom, Steven J. Davis, and Jonathan A. Rodden. 2020. “Elections, Political Polarization, and Economic Uncertainty.” National
Bureau of Economic Research, No. w27961.

Bankov, Plamen N. 2020. “‘Red Belts’ Anywhere? The Electoral Geography of European Radical Left Parties since 1990.” PhD diss. University of Glasgow.

Barnes, Laura. 2020. “Trade and Redistribution: Trade Politics and the Origins of Progressive Taxation.” Political Science Research and Methods 8(2): 197–214.

Barth, Erlend, Helge Finseraas, Anja Kjelsrud, and Kalle O. Moene. 2021. “Does the Rise of China Lead to the Fall of European Welfare States?” IZA Discussion Papers No. 14063.

Beijaard, Esther. 2022. The Power to Bite Back: How a Lack of FDI’s Can Lead to Populism in Places That Don’t Matter. Master’s thesis.

Bekaroğlu, Emre A., and G. Kaan Osmanbaşoğlu. 2021. Turkey’s Electoral Geography. Routledge.

Bez, Camilla, Valentina Bosetti, Italo Colantone, and Marco Zanardi. 2023. “Exposure to International Trade Lowers Green Voting and Worsens Environmental Attitudes.” Nature Climate Change 13(10): 1131–35.

Bischoff, Carina S. 2011. New Parties in Advanced Democracies: Causes and Barriers to Participation. Working Paper Series on the Legal Regulation of Political Parties, University of Copenhagen.

Bischoff, Carina S. 2013. “Electorally Unstable by Supply or Demand?—An Examination of the Causes of Electoral Volatility in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” Public Choice 156(3–4): 537–561.

Bizzarro, Fernando, Allen Hicken, and Darin Self. 2020. The V-Dem Party Institutionalization Index: A New Global Indicator (1900–2018). V-Dem Working Paper.

Bochsler, Daniel, Michael Hänni, and Bernard Grofman. 2024. “How Proportional Are Electoral Systems? A Universal Measure of Electoral Rules.” Electoral Studies 87: 102713.

Bochsler, Daniel. 2017. “The Strategic Effect of the Plurality Vote at the District Level.” Electoral Studies 47: 94–112.

Bochsler, Daniel. 2022. “Duverger and the Territory: Explaining Deviations from the Two-Party-Competition Law.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 32(3): 501–20.

Bolleyer, Nicole, and Evelyn Bytzek. 2013. “Origins of Party Formation and New Party Success in Advanced Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 52(6): 773–796.

Bol, Damien, and Ria Ivandic. 2022. “Does the Number of Candidates Increase Turnout? Causal Evidence from Two-Round Elections.” Political Behavior 44(4): 2005–26.

Bol, Damien, Aristotelis Dellis, and Mark Oak. 2017. “Candidatures Endogènes dans les Élections Pluralitaires: Quelques Explications du Nombre de Candidats et de Leur Polarisation.” L’Actualité économique 93(1): 141–71.

Boratyn, Damian, Wojciech Słomczyński, and Dominik Stolicki. 2018. “Seat Allocation and Seat Bias under the Jefferson–D’Hondt Method.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.08291.

Bramwell, Sebastian. 2022. “Democracy as Procedure and Principle: Essays on Social Groups and Democratization.” PhD diss. University of Oxford.

Brazys, Samuel, Mahmud Mahmud, and Anu Pillai. 2023. “Who Gets the Goodies? Overlapping Interests and the Geography of Aid for Trade Allocation in

Bangladesh.” The Journal of Development Studies 59(2): 242–57.

Briceño Montesinos, Héctor G. 2022. “La Crisis de la Democracia y el Sistema de Partidos Venezolano en Perspectiva Comparada.” PhD diss. Universität Rostock.

C

Calvo, Ernesto. 2009. “The Competitive Road to Proportional Representation: Partisan Biases and Electoral Regime Change under Increasing Party Competition.” World Politics 61(2): 254–295.

Caramani, Daniele. 2004. The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Caramani, Daniele, and Ken Kollman. 2017. “Symposium on ‘The Nationalization of Electoral Politics: Frontiers of Research.’” Electoral Studies 47: 51–54.

Carozzi, Federico, Elizabeth W. Pinchbeck, and Leonardo Repetto. 2023. “Scars of War: The Legacy of WW1 Deaths on Civic Capital and Combat Motivation.”

Carreras, Miguel, Scott Morgenstern, et al. 2013. “Refining the Theory of Partisan Alignments: Evidence from Latin America.” Party Politics (Online First).

Cartrite, Britt, and Dan Miodownik. 2016. “Determinants of Regional Political Distinctiveness.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 22(2): 119–48.

Catalinac, Amy, and Lucas Motolinia. 2021. “Geographically Targeted Spending in Mixed-Member Majoritarian Electoral Systems.” World Politics 73(4): 668–711.

Celico, Andrea. 2023. “Facing the Populists: The Effect of Populist Challengers on Mainstream Parties’ Welfare State Positions.” Available at SSRN 4643366.

Chen, Xi. 2023. “Chiefs, Elections, and Violence: Mobilization and Demobilization of African Voters”. PhD diss. The University of Arizona.

Chen, Xi. 2024. “Chiefs and Pre-Election Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Precolonial Legacy of Centralized States.” International Interactions 50(3): 537–66.

Chhibber, Pradeep, and Ken Kollman. 2009. The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Clerici, Paolo. 2020. “Minorities at the Gate: The Legislative Contribution of Opposition Minorities and the Committee System. Evidence from Argentina.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 26(2): 180–203.

Clerici, Paolo. 2021. “Legislative Territorialization: The Impact of a Decentralized Party System on Individual Legislative Behavior in Argentina.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 51(1): 104–30.

Clerici, Paolo. 2023. “Committee Collaboration, Competing Principals, and Partisanship in Argentina.” The Journal of Legislative Studies: 1–22.

Close, Caroline. 2013. Explaining Parliamentary Party Dissent: A Comparative Analysis. Comparative and Canadian Politics Research Workshop, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia.

Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. 2018. “The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 62(4): 936–53.

Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. 2020. “Globalization and Nationalism.” In Populism, Economic Policies and Central Banking, 62.

Conconi, Paola, Florin Cucu, Federico Gallina, and Matteo Nordotto. 2024. “A Political Disconnect? Evidence from Voting on EU Trade Agreements.”

Coppedge, Michael, David Altman, John Gerring, Michael Bernhard, Staffan I. Lindberg, Michael S. Fish, et al. 2014. Version 3. December 2014.

Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, et al. 2024. V-Dem Codebook v14.

Crisp, Brian F., Santiago Olivella, and Joshua D. Potter.. 2012. “Electoral Contexts That Impede Voter Coordination.” Electoral Studies 31(1): 143–158.

Croissant, Aurel, and Thomas Schächter. 2008. “Die Nationalisierung Politischer Parteien und Parteiensysteme in Asiatischen Neo-Demokratien.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 49(4): 641–668.

D

Daxecker, Ursula E. and Brandon C. Prins. 2016. “The Politicization of Crime: Electoral Competition and the Supply of Maritime Piracy in Indonesia.” Public Choice 169(3–4): 375–393.

de Miguel, Carolina. 2014. Decentralization, Development of Parties and Party System Nationalization. Paper presented at the 23rd IPSA World Congress, Montreal.

de Miguel, Carolina G. 2012. “The Price of Territorial Politics: Economic Geography, Political Institutions and Party Systems.” PhD diss., University of Michigan.

de Miguel, Carolina. 2017. “The Role of Electoral Geography in the Territorialization of Party Systems.” Electoral Studies 47: 67–83.

Demirkol, Ömer, and Emre A. Bekaroğlu. 2021. “Measuring Party Nationalization in Turkey: 1950–2018.” In Turkey’s Electoral Geography, 24–45. Routledge.

De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel. 2009. Endogenous Preferences: The Political Consequences of Economic Institutions. PSPE Working Paper. London, UK: Department of Government, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Desai, Zoha, and Alexander Lee. 2017. “Technology, Choice, and Fragmentation: The Political Effects of Electronic Voting in India.” Unpublished manuscript.

Desai, Zoha, and Alexander Lee. 2021. “Technology and Protest: The Political Effects of Electronic Voting in India.” Political Science Research and Methods 9(2): 398–413.

Díaz, Andrea G. 2024. “Electoral Coordination Under Simple and Complex Electoral Systems: A Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis.” Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 23(2): 97–119.

Dijkstra, Lewis, Hugo Poelman, and Andrés Rodríguez-Pose. 2020. “The Geography of EU Discontent.” Regional Studies 54(6): 737–53.

Döring, Holger. 2013. “The Collective Action of Data Collection: A Data Infrastructure on Parties, Elections and Cabinets.” European Union Politics 14(1): 161–178.

E

Eggers, Andrew, Anthony Fowler, Jens Hainmueller, Andrew B. Hall, and James M. Snyder Jr., 2015. “On the Validity of the Regression Discontinuity Design for Estimating Electoral Effects: New Evidence from Over 40,000 Close Races.” American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 259-274.

Eggers, Andrew C. and Arthur Spirling. 2017. “Incumbency Effects and the Strength of Party Preferences: Evidence from Multiparty Elections in the United Kingdom.” Journal of Politics 79(3): 903-920.

Elgar, Frank J., Amy Xie, Thomas K. Pförtner, Jennifer White, and Kate E. Pickett. 2017. Sage Research Methods Cases Part 2.

Evans, Mark. 2019. “Coalitions and Political Parties as a Reflection of Societal Changes and Cultural Rifts in 12 Parliamentary Democracies.” In Coalition Government as a Reflection of a Nation’s Politics and Society, 267–84. Routledge.

F

Farrer, Benjamin, and Geoffrey R. Klein. 2022. “How Radical Environmental Sabotage Impacts US Elections.” Terrorism and Political Violence 34(2): 218–39.

Fernandes Rebelo, Marcelo. 2020. “Heaven on Earth: Explaining Religious Party Formation and Strength.” PhD diss. University of Oxford.

FitzGerald, Michael. 2019. Ethnic Party Formation and Success: The Strategic Roles of Reserved Seats, Parties, and Horizontal Accountability. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.

FitzGerald, Michael. 2019. Indigenous Party Formation and Success: The Strategic Roles of Reserved Seats, Parties, and Horizontal Accountability. Master’s thesis, Portland State University.

Flaherty, Taylor M., and Ronald Rogowski. 2021. “Rising Inequality as a Threat to the Liberal International Order.” International Organization 75(2): 495–523.

Fleming, Timothy G. 2020. “Partisanship and Personal Vote-Seeking in Parliamentary Behaviour.” PhD diss. University of Oxford.

Fleming, Timothy G. 2022. “Partisan Dealignment and Personal Vote-Seeking in Parliamentary Behaviour.” Political Studies 70(1): 195–215.

Flis, Jarosław, Wojciech Słomczyński, and Dominik Stolicki. 2019. “Kociołek i Chochelka: Formuła Szacowania Rozkładu Mandatów Metodą Jeffersona-D’Hondta.” Decyzje (32).

Flis, Jarosław, Wojciech Słomczyński, and Dominik Stolicki. 2020. “Pot and Ladle: A Formula for Estimating the Distribution of Seats under the Jefferson–D’Hondt Method.” Public Choice 182(1): 201–27.

Forand, Jean Guillaume, and Vikram Maheshri. 2016. “A Dynamic Duverger’s Law.” Public Choice 165: 285-306.

Fraga, Bernard L., and Eitan D. Hersh. 2018. “Are Americans Stuck in Uncompetitive Enclaves? An Appraisal of US Electoral Competition.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 13(3): 291–311.

Friedman, Jared R. C. 2024. “Rule of the Fewer: Electoral Inversions and Their Consequences.” PhD diss. University of Maryland, College Park.

Fruhstorfer, Anna. 2019. “Consistency in Constitutional Design and Its Effect on Democracy.” Democratization 26(6): 1028–46.

G

García, Guadalupe R. 2021. “The Effect of Party Nationalization on Political Corruption.” PhD diss. Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (Mexico).

Gerring, John, Allen Hicken, Daniel Weitzel, and Lucía Cojocaru. 2018. Electoral Contestation: A Comprehensive Polity-Level Analysis. V-Dem Working Paper 73.

Gerring, John, Maxwell Palmer, Jan Teorell, and Dominic Zarecki.. 2015. “Demography and Democracy: A Global, District-Level Analysis of Electoral Contestation.” American Political Science Review 109(3): 574–591.

Gerring, John, Jan Teorell, and Dominic Zarecki.. 2013. Scaling Up: Demographics and Schumpeterian Democracy at Subnational Levels. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2022. Authoritarian Party Systems: Party Politics in Autocratic Regimes 1945–2019.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2025. “Electoral Rules and the Two-Party System: A Methodological Inquiry with Reference to Duverger’s Law.” International Political Science Review 46(3): 388-405.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2015. “The Idiosyncratic Dynamics of Party System Nationalization in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31(5): 397–419.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2016. “Party System Nationalization: The Problems of Measurement with an Application to Federal States.” Party Politics 22(3): 278-288..

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2017. “Party Systems, Electoral Systems, and Legislative Fragmentation: A Cross-National Empirical Study.” Party Politics. 23(5): 487-497.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2013. “Towards a Classification of the World’s Democratic Party Systems, Step 1: Identifying the Units.” Party Politics 19(1): 122–142.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2013. “Towards a Classification of the World’s Democratic Party Systems, Step 2: Placing Units into Categories.” Party Politics 20(2): 3-15.

Gomez, Josue. 2013. “Winning in New Democracies: Why Some Parties Are More Victorious Than Others in Foundational Elections.” McNair Scholars Research Journal 9(1): 13-19.

Granzier, Renaud, Vincent Pons, and Camille Tricaud. 2019. “Coordination and Bandwagon Effects: How Past Rankings Shape the Behavior of Voters and Candidates.” National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w26599.

Gray, David, Helen Pickard, and Luke Munford. 2021. “Election Outcomes and Individual Subjective Wellbeing in Great Britain.” Economica 88(351): 809–37.

Gray, David, Helen Pickard, and Luke Munford. 2018. “Election Outcomes and Individual Well-being: Evidence from British Panel Data.” No. 2018018.

Grechyna, Dmytro. 2023. “Can Conflicts Unite a Nation?” Economic Modelling 121: 106231.

Guinjoan, M. 2011. Decided to Compete: Contamination Effects and Parties’ Entry Decisions in Mass Elections. Paper presented at the 69th Annual Midwest Political Science Association Conference, Chicago, IL.

H

Harder, Nathaniel. 2016. Intrinsic Motivation in Party Politics: Explaining the Full Range of Political Behavior.Harfst, P., et al. 2018. “Elusive Indeed – The Mechanical Harder, Nathaniel. 2016. Intrinsic Motivation in Party Politics: Explaining the Full Range of Political Behavior.

Harfst, Philipp, Sarah C. Dingler, Jessica Forin-Rittberger, Julian Noseck, and Sven Kosanke. 2018. “Elusive Indeed – The Mechanical versus Psychological Effects of Electoral Rules at the District Level.” Electoral Studies 53: 90–98.

Harish, S. P., and Risa Toha. 2019. “A New Typology of Electoral Violence: Insights from Indonesia.” Terrorism and Political Violence 31(4): 687–711.

Heller, Andrew L. 2021. “Public Support for Electoral Reform: The Role of Electoral System Experience.” Electoral Studies 72: 102348.

Helmke, Gretchen, and Bonnie M. Meguid. 2007. Endogenous Institutions: The Origins of Compulsory Voting Laws. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.

Hicken, Allen. 2007. “The 2007 Thai Constitution: A Return to Politics Past.” Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 19(1): 128–160.

Hicken, Allen, Ken Kollman, and Joel W. Simmons. 2016. “Party System Nationalization and the Provision of Public Health Services.” Political Science Research and Methods 4(3): 573–594.

Hicken, Allen, Shanker Satyanath, and Ernest Sergenti. 2005. “Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Effects of Accountability and Obstacles to Policy Change.” American Journal of Political Science 49(4): 897–907.

Hicken, Allen, and Heather Stoll. 2008. “Electoral Rules and the Size of the Prize: How Political Institutions Shape Presidential Party Systems.” The Journal of Politics 70(4): 1109–1127.

Hicken, Allen, and Heather Stoll. 2010. Legislative Policy-Making Authority, the Number of Parties and Party System Aggregation. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.

Hicken, Allen, and Heather Stoll. 2011. “Presidents and Parties: How Presidential Elections Shape Coordination in Legislative Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 44(7): 854–883.

Hicken, Allen, and Heather Stoll. 2013. “Are All Presidents Created Equal? Presidential Powers and the Shadow of Presidential Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 46(3): 291–319.

Hicken, Allen, and Heather Stoll. 2017. “Legislative Policy-Making Authority, Party System Size, and Party System Nationalization.” Electoral Studies 47: 113-124.

Hodgson, R., and J. Maloney. 2012. “Economic Voting in Britain, 1857–1914.” Electoral Studies 31(4): 668–678.

Huang, K. P. 2014. “Electoral Reforms and the Transformation of Party System: Thailand in Comparative Perspective.” PhD diss. University of Texas-Austin.

Huang, K. P. 2016. Formal Institutions and Elite Coordination: The Thai Rak Thai Party’s 2001 Victory Revisited. National Taiwan University.

Huijsmans, Tim, and Jonathan Rodden. 2025. “The Great Global Divider? A Comparison of Urban-Rural Partisan Polarization in Western Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 58(2): 261–90.

I

Iacoella, Francesco, Bruno Martorano, Lukas Metzger, and Marco Sanfilippo. 2021. “Chinese Official Finance and Political Participation in Africa.” European Economic Review 136(3).

​​i Coma, Ferran Martinez, and Annika Werner. 2018. “Compulsory Voting and Ethnic Diversity Increase Invalid Voting While Corruption Does Not: An Analysis of 417 Parliamentary Elections in 73 Countries.” Democratization 26(2): 288-308.

J

Jablonski, Ryan S. 2011. “How Aid Target Votes: The Impact of Electoral Incentives on Aid Distribution.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Conference, Seattle, WA.

Jablonski, Ryan S. 2013. “The Effect of Electoral Politics on Foreign Aid Spending.” PhD diss. University of California, San Diego.

Jesuit, Diego K., Pawel R. Paradowski, et al. 2009. “Electoral Support for Extreme Right-Wing Parties: A Sub-National Analysis of Western European Elections.” Electoral Studies 28(2): 279–90.

Johnston, Richard. 2014. “Nationalization, Sectional Insurgency, and Volatility: Canada as a Critical Case.” Paper presented at the 23rd IPSA World Congress, Montreal.

Jolly, Sabrina. 2010. “Economics, Institutions and Culture: Explaining Regionalist Party Success in Europe.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.

Jung, Jaehoon. 2020. “The Mobilizing Effect of Parties’ Moral Rhetoric.” American Journal of Political Science 64(2): 341–55.

Jurado, Ignacio. 2014. “Party System Nationalisation and Social Spending.” European Journal of Political Research 53(2): 288–307.

Jurado, Ignacio, and Sebastian León. 2017. “Economic Crises and the Nationalisation of Politics.” European Journal of Political Research 56(4): 777–800.

K

Kalinin, Kirill. 2014. “Linking Together Preference Falsification and Election Fraud: A Cross-National Analysis.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Conference, Washington, DC.

Kamahara, Yoshinori, Jun Wada, et al. 2021. “Malapportionment in Space and Time: Decompose It!” Electoral Studies 71.

Kayser, Mark Andreas, and Rainer Lindstädt. 2014. “A Cross-National Measure of Electoral Risk.” Paper presented at the European Political Science Association, Berlin, Germany.

Kayser, Mark Andreas, and Rainer Lindstädt. 2015. “A Cross-National Measure of Electoral Competitiveness.” Political Analysis 23(2): 242–53.

Kelly, Caitlin L. 2014. “Why (So Many) Parties? The Logic of Party Formation in Senegal.” PhD diss. Harvard University.

Kemmerling, Achim, and Alexander Stephan. 2010. “The Determinants of the Regional Allocation of Infrastructure Investment in Spain.” In The Political Economy of Inter-Regional Fiscal Flows: Measurement, Determinants, and Effects on Country Stability, edited by N. Bosch, M. Espasa, and A. S. Ollé, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Kemmerling, Achim, and Alexander Stephan. 2015. “Comparative Political Economy of Regional Transport Infrastructure Investment in Europe.” Journal of Comparative Economics 43(1): 227-239.

Kenny, Paul D. 2016. “Populism, Patronage, and Decentralization in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Pisa.

Kikuta, Kazuki. 2025. “More Equality for Women Does Mean Less War: Descriptive Representation, Legislative Votes, and International Conflict.” Comparative Political Studies.

Kumar, Mukesh, Chaitanya Narayan, Sumit Hangal, and Pranav Trivedi. 2020. “Lokdhaba: Acquiring, Visualizing and Disseminating Data on Indian Elections.” In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies, 243–53.

Kuo, Alice, and Karen Jusko. 2011. “Electoral Opportunity: The SPD and the ‘Agricultural Proletariat’.” Paper presented at the 18th International Conference of Europeanists, Barcelona, Spain.

L

Ladley, Daniel, and James Rockey. 2014. “Party Formation and Competition.” Working paper No. 10/17, Department of Economics, University of Leicester.

Lago, Ignacio. 2021. Making Mobilization Work: The Choice of Electoral Systems (No. 2102). Universidade de Vigo, GEN-Governance and Economics research Network.

Lago, Ignacio. 2022. “Voting Behaviour.” In The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics, ed. Jorge M. Fernandes, Pedro C. Magalhães, and António Costa Pinto. Oxford University Press.

Lago, Ignacio. 2024. “Making Countries Small: The Nationalization of Districts in the United States.” Political Science Research and Methods 12(2): 416–25.

Lago, Ignacio, and Ferran Martínez i Coma. 2012. “Forgetting to Make Votes Count: The Role of Previous Democratic Experience.” Electoral Studies 31(2): 413–21.

Lago, Ignacio, and Ferran Martínez i Coma. 2021. “Transaction Costs in Electoral Coordination: How Turnout Shapes Changes in the Number of Parties.” Electoral Studies 72: 102349.

Lago, Ignacio and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2016. “An Economic Explanation of the Nationalization of Electoral Politics.” Electoral Studies 44: 409–18.

Lago, Ignacio and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2022. Distance Matters: The Size of Countries and the Nationalization of Politics (No. 2202). Universidade de Vigo, GEN-Governance and Economics Research Network.

Lago, Ignacio, and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2024. “The Size of Countries and the Nationalization of Politics.” Representation.

Lago, Ignacio, and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2025. “Rural Decline and Spatial Voting Patterns.” Parliamentary Affairs 78(1): 97–110.

Lago, Ignacio, M., Marina Costa Lobo, and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2016. “Coattail Effects and Electoral Coordination.” Working paper No. 1603, Universidade de Vigo, GEN-Governance and Economics Research Network

Lago, Ignacio and José Ramón Montero. 2010. “The Nationalisation of Party Systems Revisited: A New Measure Based on Parties’ Entry Decisions, Electoral Results, and District Magnitude.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada.

Lago, Ignacio and José Ramón Montero. 2014. “Defining and Measuring Party System Nationalization.” European Political Science Review 6(2): 191–211.

Lago-Peñas, Ignacio and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2009. “Does the Nationalization of Party Systems Affect the Composition of Public Spending?” Economics of Governance 10(1): 85–98.

Lago-Peñas, Ignacio and Santiago Lago-Peñas. 2011. “Decentralization and the Nationalization of Party Systems.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29(2): 244–63.

Lavery, Gregory D. 2014. “African Political Party Development and the Limits of Institutional Engineering.” PhD diss. Michigan State University.

Lee, Alexander. 2020. “Incumbency, Parties, and Legislatures: Theory and Evidence from India.” Comparative Politics 52(2): 311–31.

Lee, Seongyong. 2015. “What Makes Politics Interesting?: How Political Contexts Shape Political Interest Across the World.” PhD diss. Rice University.

Leemann, Lucas. 2019. “Direct Democracy and Political Conflict: Institutional Evolution in the 19th Century.” Paper presented at the Comparative Political Economy Research Workshop, Konstanz, Germany.

Leiter, Dominik, and Kevin Reilly. 2019. “Using an Agent-Based Model to Test Institutional Variation: Creating a Counterfactual World.” Sage Research Methods Cases.

Leiter, Dominik, James L. Reilly, and Marc Stegmaier. 2020. “Echoing Certainty in Uncertain Times: Network Partisan Agreement and the Quality of Citizen Forecasts in the 2015 Canadian Election.” Electoral Studies 63: 102115.

Letsa, Natalie Wenzell. 2019. “The Political Geography of Electoral Autocracies: The Influence of Party Strongholds on Political Beliefs in Africa.” Electoral Studies 60: 102047.

Li, Yuhui, and M. Steven Shugart. 2016. “The Seat Product Model of the Effective Number of Parties: A Case for Applied Political Science.” Electoral Studies 41: 23–34.
Linzer, Drew A. 2012. “The Relationship between Seats and Votes in Multiparty Systems.” Political Analysis 20(3): 400–16.

Lockwood, Sean J., and Matthias Krönke. 2021. “Do Electoral Systems Affect How Citizens Hold Their Government Accountable? Evidence from Africa.” Democratization 28(3): 583–603.

Lublin, David. 2017. “Electoral Systems, Ethnic Diversity and Party Systems in Developing Democracies.” Electoral Studies 47: 84–93.

M

Maeda, Ko. 2016. “Voter Turnout and District-Level Competitiveness in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 26(4): 452–69.

Maggini, Nicola, and Valeria Emanuele. 2013. “Does Party System Nationalization Affect Individual Voting Behavior? Evidence from 23 European Countries.” Paper presented at the 2nd European Conference in Comparative Electoral Research, Rhodes, Greece.

Maggini, Nicola, and Valeria Emanuele. 2015. “Contextual Effects on Individual Voting Behaviour: The Impact of Party System Nationalization in Europe.” Italian Political Science Review 45(2): 105–30.

Mağiya, Yavuz. 2015. “Regional Trends in Class Voting.” Master’s thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.

Maia, Marco. 2024. “The Subnational Roots of Democratic Stability.” PhD diss. University of California, Los Angeles.

Marini, Stefano, and Gianluca Piccolino. 2023. “Right-Wing Victory in the 2022 Italian Parliamentary Election: Territorial Patterns and Systemic Implications.” Italian Journal of Electoral Studies (IJES) 86(1): 29–50.

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